新托福独立写作论证组合之假设和举例
在上一章节中，笔者已韦蛾拆篮经为大家介绍了新托福独立写作中最常用的论证方式组合，即因果和举例法的组合，在本节中，朗阁托福培训中心将髌覆李幌继续为各位介绍其他论证方式组合，首先我们看到的是假设和举例法以及因果法的组合。下面我们来看一个例子：
First of all, I want to say that obstacles make people stronger. By overcoming difficulties people gain priceless and essential knowledge and experience.If one has to struggle with a disease he will become stronger either in a physical way or in a mental way.A person becomes more patient, more self-confident and more attentive. These qualities will help him to win his disease.
在这个主体段里，作者首先进行了假设论证，由“if”引导的条件状语从句开始，假设某个人在与疾病作斗争并且战胜了它以后，此人在身体或心理层面一定会比以前更坚强，从而可以得出后面的结论，即由于人生中面对挫折，所以一个人可以变得更有耐心，自信等。这样的一种组合论证方式，其优点在于无须给出亲身经历或者一个具体的例子，直接建立在一个“虚构”的人或事上，同时借助于之后进行的“结果”论证，使得这个假设的成立更具有一定的说服力。在举不出合适的例子或者不知道该说什么的时候，使用这一组合的优点就不言而喻了。接下来我们再来看一个例子：
For example,if people are negotiating it is very important to have a face-to-face communication. It is very important to see during a negotiation how one's opponent is moving, is he nervous or relaxed, what he is doing, etc.Scientists say thatthe body language and facial gestures can say many things about a person, his strong and weak sides, his traits, manners and even habits.
在这个段落中，作者先假设了“谈判”这样一个场景，然后继续用“原因”来分析面对面沟通对于谈判的重要性，紧接着再通过宾语从句引用科学家的结论来进行举例，这样一来，原先看上去貌似很“空”的理论，经过了这样一系列演绎，一下子变得“生动”了起来。而在上述这2个主体段中，细心的同学可能会发现在因果论证的时候都没有在句子中出现明显的信号词，比如“because”,“therefore”等。的确，在之前的论文中，笔者已经和大家分享了每种论证手法的常用连词和句式，不使用连词并不代表它没有逻辑关系，有时候这种因果的逻辑是蕴含在字里行间的，经过反复练习后大家一定可以逐渐熟悉这一写法。以下我们再来看一个观点相反例子：
From the other side,if I need to notify my bank that I am going to close an account I do not want to spend my time driving there, waiting for my turn and talking with a representative. It is easier for me just to call or e-mail them.It saves my time and my bank's too.
这个段落中的组合只包含了假设和因果，而这层“因果”关系我们从句子的意思仍旧可以很快判断出它是在说“原因”，若一定要使其在“形式上”成为“原因”的话，我们可以在这个句子前加上“This is because”即可。
In my opinion life would not be worth living without goals.If people would be satisfied with all they had we probably would have to live in caves.So, it does not matter how many goals were achieved we will find new ones in order to accomplish them all over again.
这个例子中的假设和之前的最大区别就是它使用了虚拟语气，若假设与过去相反的情况时，我们经常会选择这一语法形式，然后只需要在后面加上一个因果论证即可。
If a teacher has very interesting lectures and gives many examples from different resources I will attend his or her classes with great pleasure.However,if a teacher has dry and boring lectures and does not try to make them interesting I will get some books and study this subject by myself.It saves me time and probably some money if I take books in a library.
在进行假设时，有时候我们可以通过2层假设，且彼此间形成对比，这样的假设论证的效果更强烈，在上面的例子中，作者通过假设一个上课风趣的老师和一个上课枯燥的老师的课堂效果作对比，突出教师对于学生学习兴趣的重要性。
From the other side, parents have a great influence on children' success in school too. For exampleif parents show an interest in their child's progress and talk to him or her about the importance of learning I think their child will listen to them and do his or her best.This is often true when children are in their early years.
在最后的这个例子中，作者也是通过假设的方式，论证了父母对孩子学业成功的重要性和影响力，而之后的因果则进一步说明了这一重要性和孩子年龄段的关系。
看了上面的论述，想必大家已经对这第2种论证组合有了更深入的了解了吧？结合上一章节的因果和举例的组合，我们可以在新托福独立写作中进行不同的搭配，既可以在同一段落中同时使用，也可以分段落使用。在下一章节中，笔者将继续对于其他重要的论证组合做深入的探讨。